复句整理
28 Sep 2023名词子句
子句本身完整,前面加 that 连接词后放在主要子句的名词位置,作名词使用。
主语
- 名词子句如果很长,可以使用 it 放入主词位置
- It’s strange that he didn’t show up on time.
宾语
- 如果名词子句放在及物动词宾语位置,that 可以省略
- The defendant said [that] he didn’t do it.
- 宾语位置如果名词子句太长,也可以借用虚词 it.
- I find it strange that he didn’t show up on time.
补语
- 放在补语位置,只要不会产生断句的困难或意思的混淆,也可以省略连接词 that
- The important thing is [that] we’re all right.
同位语
- 无意义的部分可以省略
- I am afraid [of that thing that] I can’t help you.
名词子句的放大
- 把连接词 that 省略,再移到前面,使它看起来像主要子句
- This is your last offer, I suppose.
疑问句改装的名词子句
以疑问词(who,what,when 等)引导的疑问句也可以改装成名词子句,指代一个问题(the question)
- 无需连接词,只要疑问句改成非疑问句的顺序
- I know who you are.
- Whether 不能单独作为疑问词来使用,但能够引导一个名词子句
- I can’t tell whether he’s telling the truth or not
- I can’t tell which.
- Either he’s telling the truth or he’s not.
- I can’t tell whether he’s telling the truth or not
- 通常 whether 和 if 可以互换,但句首或者介词后面只能用 whether
- Whether the stock market will improve or not is impossible to say now.
- The treatment will be decided by whether the tumor is malignant or not.
副词子句
主句和子句都是完整的句子,连接词是有意义的,表达主句和子句的逻辑关系。
- 时间、地方
- after、until、when、where
- 条件
- if、as long as、suppose
- 原因、结果
- as、now that、so that
- 目的
- so that、in order that、lest、in case
- 让步
- although、while
- Wh- 拼法的连接词,若解释为 No matter…,就表示让步语气,引导副词从句
- Whether you agree or not, I want to give it a try.
- 限制
- as far as、in that
- 方法、状态
- as、as if
关系子句
关系子句的连接词是子句中内含字眼的改写。
代名词 | 关系代名词 |
---|---|
he、she、they | who |
it、they | which |
his、her、their、its | whose |
him、her、them | whom |
副词 | 关系副词 |
---|---|
then | when |
there | where |
so | how |
for a reason | why |
关系代名词的省略
假如两个句子的断句很清楚,把关系词省掉也不会影响句子的清楚性,就可以省略。
- The man [whom] you saw just now is my uncle.
- He is not the man [who] he used to be.
- who 是补语,所以不能拼成受格的 whom
何时该使用 that?
that 是借自指示代名词,具有指示的功能。所以,关系子句如果有指示的作用时才适合借用 that 作关系词。
- Man is an animal that is capable of reason.
何时不该使用 that?
如果关系子句没有指示的作用,指示补充说明的性质,应该用逗点和先行词隔开。这是逗点的功能和括弧类型。
- For boyfriend, I’m considering your brother John, who is tall, rich, etc.
逗号隔开后,关系词不再适合省略
- I like TIME Classic Words, which many people like, too.
先行词的省略
如果先行词是空的、没有内容的字眼,像是 thing,people 等等空泛的字眼,那么我们有时可以省略掉先行词,但是因为先行词是名词类,属于重要元素,所以省略掉先行词后关系词的部分要有所表示。
- What
- I have the thing that you need.
- I have whay you need.
- Whoever
- I will shot any person that moves.
- I will shot whoever moves.
- Whichever
- You can take any car that you like.
- You can take whichever car you like.
关系子句的位置
关系子句与其它的修饰语相同,应该尽量靠近修饰的对象,这是为了表达清楚所见。假如关系子句直接放在先行词后面会引起误解,就要把它移开或者进一步修改句型,不能一味硬套规则。
- A plague broke out which lasted 20 years.
关系副词
如果关系子句中是以副词和主要子句中的先行词重复,就会改写为关系副词。关系副词因为是副词类,不想关系代名词是重要的名词类,所以关系副词可以比较自由省略。
- When
- The rain came at a time when the farmers needed it most.
- The rain came when the farmers needed it most.
- The rain came at a time the farmers needed it most.
- I need some time when I can be with my daughter.
- I need some time I can be with my daughter.
- I need when I can be with my daughter.
- 错误,主句中 some time 不是副词
- I know when he will arrive.
- 这句话是疑问词引导的名词子句
- The rain came at a time when the farmers needed it most.
- Where
- 变化与 when 大同小异
- How、Why
- Can you show me the way [how] you pulled off that trick?
- I’ve forgotten the reason [why] I called.
有逗点隔开的关系子句
将逗点视为一组括弧,括弧中的关系子句为补充说明的功能,失去了指示的功能。
- Shakespeare was born in 1564, when Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne.
- 1564 是一个明确的年代,不是模糊的时间(像 a time 等),所以只能补充说明那一年有什么特别的事情,而不是进一步指出时间。这种性质的先行词,后面要用括弧性的逗点吧关系子句括起来。
Wh-ever 与副词子句
wh-ever 解释为 no matter wh-,是表示让步、条件的语气,他的功能相当于副词子句的连接词,引导的就是副词子句。
- Whenever (=No matter when) he gets upset, he turns on the radio.
如果解释为 anyone/anything that,就是关系子句省略掉先行词,后面的子句因而要当名词子句解释,在主要子句中扮演主词、受词等的名词角色。
- Whatever(=Anything that) he may say won’t be true.